International Arbitration Blog
Arbitrability of Commercial Disputes in Ukraine
(extract from paper "Arbitrability of Commercial Disputes in Ukraine" by Konstantin N. Pilkov, Cai & Lenard, Ukraine)
In this paper, arbitrability of disputes and respective Ukrainian laws and jurisprudence will be analyzed. As Ukrainian laws distinguish international commercial arbitration (foreign arbitration and commercial arbitration having the seat of arbitration in Ukraine) and domestic arbitration (arbitration between Ukrainian entities and individuals), in this paper only the matters related to enforcement of international commercial arbitration will be considered. This paper contains the results of the research conducted as a part of the comparative study of the concept of ‘arbitrability’, carried out under auspices of the International Bar Association Subcommittee on Recognition and Enforcement of Arbitral Awards.
I. SUMMARY- Ukrainian courts usually consider arbitrability in the context of validity of an arbitration agreement.
- Ukrainian law defines persons capable of being a party to an arbitration (‘subjective arbitrability’) and specifies disputes which are not capable of being resolved by arbitration (‘objective arbitrability’). Rules related to subjective arbitrability are part of lex arbitri. The specific restrictions of objective arbitrability are part of lex fori, they are applied by the competent court irrespective of the seat of arbitration or the law governing the arbitration agreement.
- After 2011 legislative amendments, Ukrainian courts still have not adopted a clear approach to the matter of arbitrability of corporate disputes and disputes out of public procurement contracts. Courts still mostly consider corporate disputes and disputes out of public procurement contracts non-arbitrable. Controversial jurisprudence only allows to come to a conclusion that disputes out of or in connection with agreements of alienation of participation interests might be considered not corporate and thus arbitrable.
Foreign arbitral awards are enforceable in Ukraine pursuant to international treaties, such as the 1958 Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards (the ‘New York Convention’) and the European Convention on International Commercial Arbitration, or under the reciprocity principle which is presumed to exist unless proved otherwise.
International commercial arbitration having the seat of arbitration in Ukraine is primarily governed by the Law of Ukraine ‘On International Commercial Arbitration’ (the ‘Arbitration Act’). The Arbitration Act is an implementation of the UNCITRAL Model Law which mirrors the New York Convention exactly in giving the same reasons why a state may refuse to recognize or enforce an arbitral award (Article 36 of the Arbitration Act on arbitrability: the recognition or enforcement of an award may be refused if the court finds that the subject matter of the dispute is not capable of settlement by arbitration under Ukrainian law).
Although Ukrainian courts distinguish between (i) arbitrability for the purposes of recognition of arbitration agreements[26], (ii) arbitrability for the purposes of recognition and enforcement of arbitral awards[27] and (iii) validity of arbitration agreements[28], they usually consider arbitrability in the context of validity of an arbitration agreement. It results in controversial decisions when courts apply legislation effective as of the date of entry into the respective arbitration agreement.
1.2. Subjective and objective arbitrabilityUkrainian law determines:
(1) what disputes can be decided in arbitration;
(2) what types of disputes are the exclusive domain of national courts.
i. Subjective arbitrabilityPursuant to Article 1(2) of the Arbitration Act parties may agree to refer the following disputes to international arbitration:
(1) disputes resulting from contractual and other civil law relationships arising in the course of foreign trade and other forms of international economic relations, provided that the place of business of at least one of the parties is situated abroad;
(2) disputes between:
- enterprises with foreign investment, international associations and organizations established on the territory of Ukraine,
- disputes between the participants of entities specified in 2(a),
- as well as disputes between such entities and other subjects of the law of Ukraine.
Arbitrability of disputes between participants of enterprises with foreign investments, and between such enterprises and any Ukrainian legal entity or person is completely in line with Article 26 of the 1996 Law of Ukraine ‘On Foreign Investments Regime’. It specifies that any dispute to which a foreign investor is a party can be brought to arbitration, including arbitral tribunals seated abroad, according to the parties’ agreement with the exception of disputes between the investor and the state over matters of state regulation of foreign investments and activities of enterprises with foreign investments. Those disputes are to be resolved in courts of Ukraine unless otherwise provided by the international treaties of Ukraine.
Thus, presence of a foreign element is crucial for determining the subjective arbitrability of a dispute.
It is worth mentioning that the above provisions of the Arbitration Act are applicable only to arbitration seated in Ukraine (as stated in Art. 1(1) of the Act). Thus, rules related to subjective arbitrability are part of lex arbitri.
However, other laws might establish restrictions of arbitrability which might impact the enforceability of international arbitral awards issued in Ukraine as well as foreign arbitral awards.
ii. Objective arbitrabilityUkrainian Arbitration Act does not provide for any specific restrictions of objective arbitrability of disputes. The notion of ‘commercial’ as applied to arbitrable disputes mirrors the one in the UNCITRAL Model Law. Ukrainian Civil Procedure Code (Art. 17) also does not establish any specific restrictions of arbitrability of civil law disputes.
The specific restrictions of objective arbitrability are stipulated in several laws which are applied irrespectively of the seat of arbitration or the law governing the arbitration agreement, those rules are part of lex fori.
The law of Ukraine ‘On International Private Law’ (Art. 77) lists types of disputes with foreign element which are the exclusive domain of the Ukrainian courts. Among those types of disputes the following are potentially relevant to international commercial arbitration:
- if a real estate under dispute is located in Ukraine (except for disputes connected with entry into, amendment, cancelation of agreements in public-private partnership projects, entered into by the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine, according to which the real estate is the object of such partnership, and the dispute is not related to emergence, termination, and registration of property interests in such object[29]);
- if a dispute is in connection with formalization of intellectual property rights that requires registration or issue of a certificate (patent) in Ukraine;
- if a dispute is in connection with registration or dissolution of foreign legal entities, sole entrepreneurs in Ukraine;
- bankruptcy cases, if the debtor was established according to the laws of Ukraine;
- if a dispute relates to issuance or cancelation of securities drawn up in Ukraine;
It is generally recognized that the above types of disputes are non-arbitrable as most of them need a third party to be involved (usually a state body) for the dispute to be resolved. Bankruptcy cases are not disputes in a formally legal sense in Ukraine.
iii. Debate over Article 12 of Commercial Procedure CodeThe most significant restrictions of arbitrability were established in Article 12 of the Commercial Procedure Code of Ukraine (the ‘CPC’). In between 31.03.2009[30] and 01.03.2011, based on Article 12 of the CPC the courts considered as non-arbitrable the following disputes:
(1) disputes over nullification of non-regulatory acts of state and other bodies, enterprises and other entities;
(2) corporate disputes (‘disputes arising out of corporate relations between a company and its participant (shareholder), including a former one, as well as between the participants regarding establishment, activities, management, and dissolution of the company (except for labor disputes)’);
(3) public procurement contracts disputes (‘disputes arising in connection with entry into, alteration, cancelation, and performance of commercial contracts related to satisfaction of the state’s needs’).
Prohibition to bring corporate disputes to arbitration established in Article 12 of the CPC since 2009 clearly contradicted the rules of the Arbitration Act, which explicitly allowed to arbitrate disputes between an enterprise with foreign investments and its participant (shareholder), as well as disputes between participants (shareholders) of that enterprise. However, this contradiction has always been considered in favour of application of Article 12 of the CPC, as the Arbitration Act stipulated that if any other law established restrictions of arbitrability of certain disputes this other law should apply.[31]
The 2007 Guidance and 2008 Resolution being widely used by commercial and common courts allowed to deduce several types of disputes which should not be considered corporate disputes for the purposes of Article 12 of the CPC. Among those are disputes over the title in and transactions with shares (except for those arising from infringement of pre-emption rights).
Since 1 March 2011 important amendments have been introduced to Article 12 of the CPC: provisions on international arbitration were excluded. It meant that the restrictions of arbitrability became applicable only to domestic arbitration. However, the ambiguity of the wording of the CPC still leaves the room for a variety of interpretations.
1.3. Controversial jurisprudenceAlthough since 2011 there have been no reported cases that addressed the issue of whether new wording of Article 12 of the CPC restricts the capability of disputes mentioned therein to be settled by international arbitral tribunals, commercial and common courts continue to adopt decisions invoking non-arbitrability of corporate disputes. Common courts still refer to 2008 Resolution of the Supreme Court as a guidance in deciding whether the case considered by an arbitral tribunal was arbitrable.
Moreover, sometimes commercial courts still tend to support the approach that disputes out of or in relation to contracts of sale of participation interests (shares) in Ukrainian companies are corporate disputes and thus cannot be submitted to arbitration.[32] This view is generally consistent with the approach of common courts in cases upon requests for setting aside arbitral awards in disputes related to corporate rights in Ukrainian legal entities.[33] However, the position of the High Commercial Court of Ukraine expressed in its resolution of 15 April 2013 (case No. 07/5026/1561/2012), that disputes in connection with contracts of sale of participation interests in limited liability companies are not corporate, and therefore may be brought to arbitration, creates the basis for a 180 degree turn of the jurisprudence.
On 25 February 2016, the Presidium of the High Commercial Court of Ukraine issued the Resolution “On Certain Aspects of Jurisprudence in Disputes arising from Corporate Relations” of No. 4 (the ‘2016 Resolution’). The 2016 Resolution replaced the 2007 Guidance which contained the advice to commercial courts to consider corporate disputes non-arbitrable in international arbitration. The 2016 Resolution did not state that corporate disputes can be subjected to international arbitration, it did not mention non-arbitrability of these disputes as well. Thus, the 2016 Resolution added but little to the clarity of the issue of capability of disputes mentioned in Article 12 of the CPC to be settled by international arbitral tribunals. It is helpful, though, in determining the disputes which are not corporate (the Resolution contains the list of such disputes) and thus capable of being brought to international arbitration.
II. OVERVIEW OF UKRAINIAN CASE LAWRaiffeisen Property Management GmbH v Double W LLC[34]
Raiffeisen Property Management GmbH sought the recognition and enforcement in Ukraine of the 2010 arbitral award issued by the arbitral tribunal of the Vienna International Arbitral Centre of the Austrian Federal Economic Chamber (the ‘VIAC arbitral award’).
The arbitral tribunal decided in favour of Raiffeisen in the dispute related to several agreements which envisaged the transfer of participation interest in Double W LLC to Raiffeisen.
In 2011, both the court of first instance and the court of appeal refused the recognition and enforcement of the VIAC arbitral award stating that the subject matter of the dispute which was the title to the share in capital of Double W LLC was not capable of settlement by arbitration under Ukrainian law.
On 9 November 2011, the High Specialised Court of Ukraine for Civil and Criminal Cases reversed the ruling of the court of appeal and sent the case back for reconsideration to the court of first instance, stating that:
“... the conclusions of the court of first instance that the dispute is a corporate dispute which is not capable of settlement by arbitration under Ukrainian law are groundless”.
On 30 November 2012, the court of first instance refused the recognition and enforcement. However, the court of appeal reversed that decision on 6 June 2013. The respective ruling of the court of appeal was then upheld by the High Specialised Court of Ukraine for Civil and Criminal Cases (ruling of 17 November 2014).
Court decisions in this case allowed to come to a conclusion that disputes out of or in connection with agreements of sale of participation interests might be considered arbitrable. The fact that the courts never discussed the impact of the 2011 amendment to Article 12 of the CPC on the capability of corporate disputes to be settled by international arbitral tribunals implies that courts still apply Article 12 of the CPC to both domestic and international arbitration.
[26] Article II (1) of the New York Convention (“… a subject matter capable of settlement by arbitration”).[27] Article V (2)(a) of the New York Convention (“The subject matter of the difference is not capable of settlement by arbitration under the law of that country”).
[28] Article II (3) of the New York Convention (“... unless it finds that the said agreement null and void, inoperative or incapable of being performed”).
[29] The ‘public-private partnership’ exception comes into effect on 24 May 2016.
[30] Date of coming into force of the respective amendment to Article 12 of the CPC, so that the amended Article 12 contained prohibition to submit to arbitration (both domestic and international) 3 categories of disputes. Prior to that date Article 12 did not explicitly prohibit to arbitrate corporate disputes. However, already in 2007 the Presidium of the High Commercial Court of Ukraine advised commercial courts in the Guidance (Recommendations) “On Jurisprudence in Disputes arising from Corporate Relations” of 28.12.2007 No. 04-5/14 (the ‘2007 Guidance’) that “Members of companies ... are not entitled to subject corporate disputes related to the activity of companies, including those arising from corporate management, to international commercial arbitration courts” (Art. 6.2 of the Guidance). This gave the commentators the idea that the High Commercial Court broadly interprets exclusive subject-matter jurisdiction of commercial courts as determined in Article 12 of the CPC. On 24.10.2008 the Plenum of the Supreme Court of Ukraine passed the Resolution “On Jurisprudence in Corporate Disputes” (the ‘2008 Resolution’), which contained the same advice to all Ukrainian courts.
[31] Article 1(4) of the International Arbitration Act: ‘This Law shall not affect any other law of Ukraine by virtue of which certain disputes may not be submitted to arbitration or may be submitted to arbitration only according to provisions other than those of this Law’.
[32] Ruling of the Kharkiv Commercial Court of Appeal of 2 April 2014 (case No. 917/429/13-г).
[33] The High Specialized Court of Ukraine for Civil and Criminal Cases in its ruling of 5 February 2014 (case No. 6-53589св13) recognized that an award, in which the claimant’s title to corporate rights in a Ukrainian legal entity was recognized should be viewed as an award made in a corporate dispute.
[34] It is the only reported case in which the issue of arbitrability was addressed in the context of New-York Convention.
2016 ICSID Annual Report
The Annual Report provides an overview of the activities during the past ICSID fiscal year, including information on developments in the ICSID membership and caseload, designations to the Panels of Arbitrators and of Conciliators, resolutions adopted by the Council, publications, and financial statements on the income and expenditures of the Centre.
The ICSID Annual Report 2016 was posted on the website of ICSID at www.worldbank.org/icsid on October 7, 2016.
ENGLISH ICSID Annual Report 2016
FRANÇAIS CIRDI Rapport Annuel 2016
ESPAÑOL CIADI Informe Anual 2016
Evidence and Proof in International Commercial Arbitration
New books for arbitration practitioners, 'Evidence and Proof in International Commercial Arbitration : Scientific and Practical Guide' (in Russian - Download link) and 'Theory and Practice of Proof in International Commercial Arbitration: Monograph' (in Ukrainian - Download link) have been recently published by Konstantin Pilkov PhD, Associate Professor of the Department of International Private Law of Kyiv National Trade and Economics University, partner of Cai & Lenard, arbitrator of the ICAC at the UCCI.
The author presents the latest developments in the law of evidence in arbitration as well as best practices.
The books offer an integrated approach to evidence which includes comprehensive doctrinal analysis. Practical recommendation given in the books are meant to facilitate arbitration proceedings that are fair, accurate, and efficient.
Several chapters of each book are currently available on Cai & Lenard website.
Complete downloadable versions will be available after arbitration conferences in November.
Вышли в свет две книги практика арбитража, кандидата юридических наук, доцента кафедры международного частного права КНТЭУ, арбитра МКАС при ТПП Украины, партнера Cai & Lenard Константина Пилькова: монография «Теория и практика доказывания в международном коммерческом арбитраже» (на укр. языке) и научно-практическое пособие «Доказательства и доказывание в международном коммерческом арбитраже» (на рус. языке). Автор представляет последние достижения правового регулирования доказывания в арбитраже, а также передовую арбитражную практику.
Книги предлагают комплексный взгляд на доказательства в арбитраже, основанный на глубоком доктринальном анализе. Практические рекомендации, приведенные в книгах, предназначены для облегчения ведения арбитражных разбирательств таким образом, чтобы они были справедливыми, тщательными и эффективными.
Сейчас на сайте Cai & Lenard доступны для скачивания только отдельные главы этих книг. Полные электронные версии будут доступны для скачивания после традиционных арбитражных конференций в ноябре.
Нещодавно у світ вийшли дві книги практика арбітражу, кандидата юридичних наук, доцента кафедри міжнародного приватного права КНТЕУ, арбітра МКАС при ТПП України, керуючого партнера Cai & Lenard Костянтина Пількова: монографія «Теорія і практика доказування у міжнародному комерційному арбітражі» (укр. мовою) та науково-практичний посібник «Докази і доказування в міжнародному комерційному арбітражі» (рос. мовою) Автор представляє останні досягнення правового регулювання доказування в арбітражі, а також передову арбітражну практику.
Книги пропонують комплексний погляд на докази в арбітражі, заснований на глибокому доктринальному аналізі. Практичні рекомендації, наведені у виданнях, призначені для полегшення ведення арбітражних розглядів таким чином, щоб вони були справедливими, ретельними та ефективними.
Зараз на сайті Cai & Lenard доступні для скачування лише окремі глави книжок.
Повні електронні версії будуть доступні для скачування після традиційних цьогорічних арбітражних заходів у листопаді.
AAA-ICDR Foundation Grants
The AAA-ICDR Foundation is now accepting proposals for its second funding cycle. Interested organizations or individuals should submit a 1-2 page Initial Description of Grant Request no later than October 14, 2016 to: [email protected]
Additional Information:
•FAQ for Grant Applicants and Grantees
•Grant Proposal Instructions
•Reporting Guidelines for Grantees
The American Arbitration Association (AAA®) and its international division, the International Centre for Dispute Resolution (ICDR®), announced the establishment of the AAA-ICDR Foundation in May 2015.
The Foundation is a 501(c)(3) not-for-profit organization, and is able to solicit donations and provide grants to fund a range of worthy causes that promote the Foundation’s wide-reaching mission, which is to support the use and improvement of dispute resolution processes in the USA and internationally, including:
•Fostering measures that reduce potential escalation, manage, and resolve conflicts.
•Expanding the use of dispute resolution processes tailored to the conflict.
•Supporting research, education and initiatives promoting high quality, efficient and fair dispute resolution.
•Increasing access to justice in and through alternative dispute resolution.
•Encouraging collaborative processes to resolve public conflicts.
•Sharing expertise across diverse groups and cultures.
•Partnering with others dedicated to advancing the Foundation’s mission.
https://www.aaaicdrfoundation.org